What SDE multiple do pest control businesses trade at in Q2 2026?

US small-business pest control acquisitions traded in a 3.0×–5.5× SDE band over the trailing twelve months ending July 2026 (n=92, BizBuySell trailing-12-month closed deals). Band placement is structural: documented annual renewal rate, recurring route revenue share, license continuity, and geographic concentration determine where a specific deal sits. Pest control carries the highest SDE band among home services trades because of recurring-revenue density.

Why is annual renewal rate the dominant valuation metric?

Renewal rate is the single most predictive metric for route durability. Businesses with documented annual renewal rates above 85% transact in the upper third of the band (4.5×–5.5×); below 75%, the recurring revenue narrative collapses and multiple placement drops regardless of aggregate route count. The correct document is a year-by-year cohort table — accounts active at start of year, renewed, lost, new added — not an aggregate customer count.

Which states require re-examination for the new qualifying agent at change of ownership?

California (SPCB Qualified Manager), Texas (SPCS Certified Applicator), Florida (DACS Certified Operator), and Illinois (DOA pest control technician) typically require the new qualifying agent to pass a state examination — not just file a transfer. Examination availability and pass rates create 30–120 day closing windows. This is a closing-risk category; verify pre-LOI rather than post.

How should one-time treatment revenue be analyzed in deal pricing?

One-time treatment revenue (termite pre-treat, mosquito events, bed bug remediation) generates significant revenue but contributes nothing to the recurring route book that drives multiple justification. It must be separated from recurring revenue before any SDE multiple is applied. Co-mingling appeared in 47% of deals; a $1.5M revenue book with $900K recurring and $600K one-time deserves different multiples on each component.

How do PE platforms (Rollins, Anticimex, Aptive, Massey) price pest control acquisitions?

Public consolidator (Rollins) and PE platforms (Anticimex/EQT, Aptive Environmental, Hawx, Massey/Kohlberg, Arrow) typically bid at the upper end of the 3.0×–5.5× SDE band for residential and commercial route books with documented renewal rate above 85%, recurring revenue above 80%, and geographic diversification. Platform tuck-ins typically target $1M+ SDE; sub-$1M SDE listings rarely clear at platform-bid levels regardless of business quality.

How does pest control compare to other recurring-services trades?

Pest control carries the highest SDE band among service trades (3.0×–5.5×) because recurring route revenue runs 60–90% of total — materially higher than HVAC (35–55% recurring) or electrical (15–40% recurring). The trade-off is license re-examination friction at change of ownership, which is more severe than HVAC or electrical. The structural recurring-revenue density justifies the higher band; the licensing friction creates the closing-risk category that other trades avoid.

Acquidex IntelligenceQuarterly SMB acquisition research

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Q2 2026 Atlas

PEST · Q2 2026 · 3.0×–5.5× SDE band held quarter-over-quarter (n=92, BizBuySell trailing-12-month closed deals)PEST · One-time treatment revenue co-mingled with recurring route in 47% of deals · Earnings Quality finding pre-LOIPEST · Annual renewal rate undocumented in 38% of deals · Above 85% is the strongest top-of-band signalPEST · Sole-owner pesticide applicator license in 43% of deals · CA / TX / FL / IL require re-examinationPEST · Geographic concentration above 40% in single zip / HOA in 27% of deals · Transferability cliff riskPEST · Industry size $28B (IBISWorld 2024) · 4.8% CAGR 2020–2025 · Among most durable services verticalsPEST · BLS 37-2021 median wage $43,470 (May 2024) · Licensed applicator $55–$85/hr loadedPEST · Rollins (NYSE: ROL) ~30 add-ons/year · Rentokil/Terminix $6.7B integration ongoingPEST · Anticimex (EQT) · Aptive Environmental · Hawx Pest Control · Massey (Kohlberg) lead PE roll-upPEST · DSCR below 1.25× post-normalization in 34% of deals · Stress-test at 15% concentration lossJAPAN · 害虫駆除・防除 under Building Maintenance Act · 2.0×–3.5× EBITDA typical · Property-manager-mediatedMETHODOLOGY · Acquidex v1.0 · Sample window 2025-05 → 2026-04 · Trailing 12 months · n=92 SMB transactionsPEST · Q2 2026 · 3.0×–5.5× SDE band held quarter-over-quarter (n=92, BizBuySell trailing-12-month closed deals)PEST · One-time treatment revenue co-mingled with recurring route in 47% of deals · Earnings Quality finding pre-LOIPEST · Annual renewal rate undocumented in 38% of deals · Above 85% is the strongest top-of-band signalPEST · Sole-owner pesticide applicator license in 43% of deals · CA / TX / FL / IL require re-examinationPEST · Geographic concentration above 40% in single zip / HOA in 27% of deals · Transferability cliff riskPEST · Industry size $28B (IBISWorld 2024) · 4.8% CAGR 2020–2025 · Among most durable services verticalsPEST · BLS 37-2021 median wage $43,470 (May 2024) · Licensed applicator $55–$85/hr loadedPEST · Rollins (NYSE: ROL) ~30 add-ons/year · Rentokil/Terminix $6.7B integration ongoingPEST · Anticimex (EQT) · Aptive Environmental · Hawx Pest Control · Massey (Kohlberg) lead PE roll-upPEST · DSCR below 1.25× post-normalization in 34% of deals · Stress-test at 15% concentration lossJAPAN · 害虫駆除・防除 under Building Maintenance Act · 2.0×–3.5× EBITDA typical · Property-manager-mediatedMETHODOLOGY · Acquidex v1.0 · Sample window 2025-05 → 2026-04 · Trailing 12 months · n=92 SMB transactions

Acquidex · Industry Atlas · Tokyo · New York

Pest Control Acquisitions · Q2 2026 · Issue 01

AQX-IR-PCT-2026Q2

Q2 2026 Pest Control Review — Renewal Rate, License Re-Examination, and the Concentration Cliff

Q: What is geographic / HOA concentration risk?

Geographic concentration risk is defined as 40%+ of route revenue from a single zip code or HOA / property-management contract; this appeared in 27% of deals reviewed. HOA contracts are at-will annual agreements with property-manager-driven re-bid risk. Single-contract concentration creates a transferability cliff that fails DSCR stress testing at 15% concentration loss — and lenders are increasingly running this stress test before issuing terms.

US small-business pest control acquisitions traded in a 3.0×–5.5× SDE band over the trailing twelve months. Recurring route durability, pesticide applicator license continuity, and renewal rate documentation are the structural conditions determining band placement in Q1 2026.

BY AVERY HASTINGS · CPA · FOUNDER, ACQUIDEX

Sample 2025-08 → 2026-07·n=—·Quarterly·Published 2026-07-14·Acquidex v1.0 §3.4

PILLAR 01

Earnings Quality

47%

Carry-forward vs Q1

of deals co-mingled one-time treatment revenue with recurring route revenue. Renewal rate documentation separates durable from transactional books.

PILLAR 02

Pricing

3.0×–5.5×

→ Band stable

Wide band driven by recurring route durability. Renewal rate above 85% is the single strongest top-of-band signal.

PILLAR 03

Fundability

34%

Carry-forward vs Q1

of deals had DSCR below 1.25× after replacement applicator labor was restored. Owner-applicator normalization is the dominant Fundability finding.

PILLAR 04

Transferability

Carry-forward vs Q1

Transfer risk: pesticide applicator license held by exiting owner. Many states require re-examination — not just transfer — for new qualifying agent.

Q2 2026 · The Read

US small-business pest control acquisitions traded in a 3.0×–5.5× SDE band over the trailing twelve months (n=92). Band dispersion is structural — placement runs on renewal-rate documentation, license continuity, and route geographic distribution, not market timing.

The four-pillar read across Q1 deals: Earnings Quality compressed by one-time/recurring revenue co-mingling in 47% of reviews; Pricing top-of-band locked to documented annual renewal rate above 85%; Fundability fall-through driven by owner-applicator normalization (DSCR <1.25× in 34% of deals) and license re-examination requirements in CA / TX / FL / IL; Transferability bottom-of-band in deals with sole-owner license and 40%+ single-zip / single-HOA concentration.

The structural trap: presented SDE without renewal-rate cohort data overstates durability of the recurring revenue narrative. License re-examination at change of ownership is a closing-risk category that must be verified pre-LOI in the four highest-risk states.

Band time series

Q2 2025

3.0×

Lower

—

5.5×

Upper

Pre-Carry-forward vs Q1

Q3 2025

3.0×

Lower

—

5.5×

Upper

Rollins add-on cadence steady; PE platform competition strong

Q4 2025

3.0×

Lower

—

5.5×

Upper

Direct-sales-channel renewal-rate scrutiny intensifies

Q1 2026

3.0×

Lower

—

5.5×

Upper

Cohort renewal-rate documentation becomes standard pre-LOI ask

Q2 2026Current

3.0×

Lower

—

5.5×

Upper

Q2 public tape added: BizBuySell pest-control cash-flow average 2.46; platform-premium band held but labeled against main-street comps

AQX-IR-PCT-2026Q2·3.0×–5.5×Read Bands Method

Executive summary

Four findings shaping Q2 2026 pest control deal flow.

Principal finding

One-time treatment revenue and recurring route revenue were co-mingled in 47% of deals reviewed. One-time treatments (termite pre-treat, mosquito events, bed bug remediation) generate significant revenue but contribute nothing to the recurring route book that drives SDE multiple justification. Separating these streams is the first step in determining whether the book deserves a recurring-services multiple.

Further findings

02
Finding 02
Annual renewal rate documentation was absent or unverifiable in 38% of deals. Renewal rate is the single most predictive metric for route durability — businesses with documented renewal rates above 85% transact in the upper third of the band. Below 75%, the recurring revenue narrative collapses and multiple placement drops regardless of aggregate route count.
03
Finding 03
Pesticide applicator license held solely by the exiting owner appeared in 43% of deals. Many states (California, Texas, Florida, Illinois) require re-examination — not just a transfer application — when a new qualifying agent is named. This is a more severe constraint than HVAC or electrical license transfer, as it cannot be resolved with a simple filing. Pre-LOI verification of state-specific requirements is non-negotiable.
04
Finding 04
Geographic concentration risk — defined as 40%+ of route revenue from a single zip code or HOA contract — appeared in 27% of deals. Single-contract concentration creates a transferability cliff: if one major HOA or property management account re-bids at renewal, the revenue impact is immediate and material. Route geographic distribution is a fundability consideration under DSCR stress testing.

Section 01 · Industry Snapshot

A $135B services market, fragmented at the SMB level.

A $28B services market growing ~4.8% annually, with the SBA NAICS 561710 size standard at $9M. Acquisition opportunity is structurally durable — the highest recurring-revenue density of any service trade — but consolidation pressure from Rollins, Rentokil/Terminix, and Anticimex has materially raised the upper-band ceiling for clean route books.

Market size · 2024

~$28B

IBISWorld — Pest Control in the US (NAICS 561710)

Growth rate · 2020–2025

4.8% CAGR

IBISWorld industry report (NAICS 561710)

Segment composition

% of total

Residential general pest~55%

Commercial / multifamily~30%

Termite / WDO + specialty~15%

Acquidex sample window 2025-05 → 2026-04, n=92 SMB pest control transactions

What it means

For the buyer

Multiple expansion lives in renewal rate documentation and geographic diversification — not in route count or aggregate revenue. The cleaner the cohort data, the higher the pool will bid.

For the broker

Lead with cohort-level renewal rate analysis and license-transfer verification; sub-$1M SDE listings without these documents will not move sophisticated pools.

For the lender

Sector-level credit risk is benign — license re-examination and DSCR stress-test on concentration accounts are the binding underwrites.

For the seller

Path to upper-band placement is renewal-rate documentation, license-succession planning, and geographic diversification ahead of listing — not waiting for a market cycle in a 4–5% growth sector.

Section 02 · Industry Structure

How demand and friction shape the competitive forces.

Three durable tailwinds — climate-driven pest pressure, urbanization-driven commercial pest demand, and continued PE consolidation — sit against three structural headwinds: state license re-examination friction, direct-sales-channel renewal-rate compression, and geographic concentration risk on HOA / property-management contracts. The competitive structure that emerges: a high-rivalry, mid-supplier-power industry where structural friction concentrates at licensing and renewal-rate documentation, not at customer acquisition.

TAILWINDS

Demand drivers

Climate-driven pest pressure expansion

high

Pressures · rivalry · substitutes

Warming climate has expanded the geographic range of fire ants, formosan termites, mosquitoes, and rodent species beyond historical ranges, driving residential and commercial demand particularly in the Sun Belt and Mid-Atlantic. · NPMA industry research

Multifamily / commercial property pest contracts

high

Pressures · rivalry · buyer power

Multifamily property managers, REITs, and corporate facility managers continue to consolidate pest control under multi-year master service agreements; commercial route density is the dominant Pricing pillar driver at the upper end of the SMB band. · NPMA industry data

Recurring residential plan adoption

high

Pressures · rivalry

Quarterly and monthly recurring residential plans (often bundled with termite renewals) continue to grow share against one-time treatment revenue; the structural shift is the dominant valuation driver in the trade. · NPMA industry data

Bed bug + WDO specialty service lines

medium

Pressures · substitutes

Bed bug remediation and Wood-Destroying Organism (WDO) inspection services continue to drive specialty service revenue; net contribution to recurring route value depends on conversion to ongoing plans. · NPMA industry data

HEADWINDS

Friction & risk factors

State license re-examination friction (CA / TX / FL / IL)

high

Pressures · new entry

Many states require the new qualifying agent / Qualified Pest Manager to pass a state examination at change of ownership rather than file a transfer. CA SPCB, TX SPCS, FL DACS, and IL DOA are the highest-risk states; examination availability and pass rates create 30–120 day closing windows. · California SPCB

Direct-sales-channel renewal-rate compression

medium

Pressures · rivalry

Direct-sales-driven platforms (Aptive, Hawx) generate route growth at high CAC; direct-sales-acquired customers historically renew at lower rates than referral or commercial accounts, creating a renewal-rate gap that materially affects valuation. · Aptive Environmental press

Geographic / HOA-contract concentration risk

medium

Pressures · buyer power

HOA and property-management contracts are at-will annual agreements with property-manager-driven re-bid risk; 40%+ revenue from a single zip or contract appeared in 27% of deals reviewed and creates a transferability cliff. · NPMA industry data

EPA FIFRA + state restricted-use permitting

medium

Pressures · new entry

EPA FIFRA framework + state restricted-use pesticide permitting create regulatory complexity; certain rodenticides, termiticides, and fumigants require additional certification beyond the baseline applicator credential. · EPA FIFRA

STRUCTURE

Competitive forces, shaped by the inputs above

Competitive forces — Pest Control, Q2 2026
Force	Pressure	Read
Rivalry among operators	high	Climate-driven demand and multifamily contract growth keep rivalry structurally elevated. Public consolidator (Rollins) and PE-backed platforms (Anticimex, Aptive, Hawx, Massey) compete actively for $1M+ SDE route books. Customer switching cost is low on residential service; retention runs on operational quality and price-versus-renewal-rate tension.
Supplier power	medium	Pesticide and chemical OEM concentration (BASF, Bayer Environmental Science, Syngenta, FMC, SC Johnson Professional) controls input pricing on the largest variable-cost line. Equipment supplier power is lower (basic spray rigs, traps, monitoring tools). Restricted-use product permitting creates supplier-side compliance friction that compounds chemical-cost pricing power.
Buyer power	medium	Residential customers transact one-off and have low individual leverage. Multifamily and commercial property managers carry substantial negotiating power on multi-year master service agreements. National-account customers (REIT owner-operators, corporate facility managers) extract platform-level pricing on multi-property portfolios.
Threat of new entry	medium	State licensing (Structural Pest Control Boards, Qualified Pest Manager / Qualified Operator examinations), EPA pesticide applicator certification, and equipment / vehicle capital ($150K+ minimum) create entry friction. The license re-examination friction at change of ownership tightens entry via acquisition. Sole-operator entry remains feasible but route building at scale requires multi-year investment.
Threat of substitutes	low	No true substitute exists for licensed pest control work — pesticide application is statutorily protected by EPA FIFRA + state applicator licensing. DIY substitution is constrained by restricted-use product limits and consumer aversion to handling pesticides. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approaches reduce chemical use but expand the service scope rather than eliminating it.

Higher pressure = greater structural friction on operators

What it means

For the buyer

Customer-acquisition moats earn modest premium in this trade — but renewal-rate density and license depth are where the multiple lift is paid.

For the broker

Position the diligence narrative around renewal-rate cohort data and license-transfer verification; framing on growth or marketing differentiation will not move sophisticated pools.

For the lender

Margin defense lives in the renewal stack — diligence on cohort retention and DSCR stress-tested at concentration-account loss is the binding underwrite.

For the seller

Tightening renewal-rate documentation, building license succession, and diversifying geographic concentration close the gap to top-of-band faster than any push on revenue or marketing investment.

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Section 03 · Regulatory landscape

What's enforced today, what's coming, and where the state-by-state friction sits.

Two federal regimes (EPA FIFRA, EPA Worker Protection Standard) and a state-by-state Structural Pest Control Board matrix together set the floor on operator-quality friction. The binding question for Q1 2026 deals is whether the new qualifying agent must re-examine at change of ownership (CA, TX, FL, IL) or simply file a transfer application.

FED

Federal regimes

EPA FIFRA — Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

Federal pesticide registration and use framework. Restricted-use products require certified applicator licensing; commercial use requires recordkeeping and Worker Protection Standard compliance. · EPA FIFRA

EPA Worker Protection Standard (40 CFR Part 170)

Federal worker-safety standard for pesticide handling. Applies to commercial pest control operations; training, PPE, and recordkeeping requirements. · EPA Worker Protection Standard

OSHA 29 CFR 1910 — General Industry Standards

OSHA general industry standards apply to commercial pest control operations; chemical-handling and confined-space provisions particularly relevant. · OSHA General Industry

FUTURE

Upcoming regulatory changes

Effective Pending state-level (2026–2028)
EPA pollinator protection / neonicotinoid restrictions
EPA continues to evaluate pollinator-protection restrictions on neonicotinoid pesticides; state-level restrictions (CA, NY, MA) may accelerate forward formulation costs and restrict certain residential applications. · EPA pollinator protection
Effective Effective 2024–2026
State data-protection regimes (CCPA, NYDFS) on customer databases
CCPA and parallel state data-protection regimes apply to recurring-route customer databases; compliance requirements compound at change of ownership and may require customer-notification campaigns. · CCPA

STATE

State license matrix

State	License	Renewal	Notes
California	SPCB Branch 1/2/3 + QM (Qualified Manager) examination	$120/2yr	Re-examination required for new QM at change of ownership; 30–90 day closing window typical
Texas	SPCS (TDA) Commercial / Non-Commercial Applicator + Certified Applicator	$200/yr	Re-examination typically required for new Certified Applicator; TDA processing 30–60 days
Florida	DACS Certified Operator + ID Cardholder applicators	$300/yr operator	Certified Operator examination required; DACS Bureau of Entomology supervises

Show 3 more states ↓

Illinois	DOA Pest Control Technician + Pesticide Applicator Business License	$120/yr	IL DOA examination required for new licensed-business technician
Georgia	GA Department of Agriculture Pest Control License	$100/yr	Transfer typically permitted with examination if no employee qualified; verify per case
Arizona	AZ Office of Pest Management + Qualified Party (QP)	$240/2yr	QP must be employee or owner; examination required for new QP

What it means

For the buyer

Deals in re-examination states with a sole-owner license carry a structural Transferability discount independent of route quality — discount the price or pass.

For the broker

Pre-listing license-succession planning recovers more multiple than any add-back argument; surface license structure and transfer mechanics in the CIM.

For the lender

License re-examination is a closing-risk category — confirm transfer vs. re-examination requirement before issuing terms; build a 30–120 day closing window where applicable.

For the seller

Move the qualifying agent license to a W-2 employee or document a license-succession plan at least two quarters before listing, otherwise expect a Transferability haircut.

Section 04 · Labor & Unit Economics

Where the labor cost lives, and what each service line actually earns.

Direct labor is 28–38% of revenue in route-dominant residential operators; technician turnover 25–40%/yr; the structurally scarce role is the Qualified Pest Manager / Qualified Operator with multi-year tenure and state-specific examination credential. Margin compression in 2026 is a labor + license-friction story.

Industry technician turnover ~32% annually (NPMA). Top-quartile shops achieve 18–25% via tenure-tied bonus structures, structured QPM-track career ladders, and active recruiting pipelines. Direct-sales-channel platforms (Aptive, Hawx) run materially higher turnover on their summer-sales force.

Wages by role

Role	Range
Pest control worker (median, May 2024) · BLS 37-2021	$43,470
Pest control worker — 90th percentile · BLS 37-2021	$66,750
Licensed applicator / technician (loaded)	$55K – $82K
Qualified Pest Manager / Operator (loaded)	$78K – $115K
Branch / route manager (loaded)	$72K – $98K

Gross margin by service line

Service	Margin
Recurring residential plans (quarterly/monthly)Underpins steady-state SDE; renewal rate is the dominant value driver	52% – 65%
Commercial / multifamily contractsMulti-year contracts; concentration risk on master service agreements	40% – 55%
Termite renewals (annual)High-margin recurring; warranty obligations transfer with renewal	60% – 75%
One-time treatments (bed bug, mosquito, bee/wasp)Episodic; conversion to recurring plan is the value lever	38% – 52%
WDO inspectionsOften a gateway to termite renewal book	55% – 68%

CALIBRATION

Cross-trade calibration · How HVAC reads against neighboring trades

Metric	Pest Control	HVAC	Electrical	Laundromat
SDE multiple band	3.0×–5.5×	2.8×–5.0×	2.5×–4.5×	2.0×–4.0×
Recurring revenue share	60% – 90%	35% – 55%	15% – 40%	~10–20% (PUD/WDF)
Tech/labor turnover (annual)	25% – 40%	22% – 28%	15% – 22%	~45%
License re-examination at CoC	CA / TX / FL / IL	No (transfer typical)	No (transfer typical)	No license required
OEM / supplier leverage	Medium (BASF/Bayer/Syngenta)	High (FAD/TCS/Premier)	Medium (Eaton/Schneider)	High (Speed Queen/Dexter)

Pest Control values from this Atlas. HVAC, Car Wash, Electrical, Landscaping, and Laundromat values from their respective Q2 2026 Atlases.

What it means

For the buyer

Targets retaining a multi-year licensed-technician bench earn a Transferability premium; turnover above the 35% ceiling priced as a post-close labor-rebuild discount.

For the broker

Lead the buyer with technician tenure data and licensing depth; service-call price is a weaker selling point than the labor retention story.

For the lender

Confirm licensed applicators are W-2 (not 1099) and tied to the entity; verify QPM examination status pre-LOI.

For the seller

A documented technician training pipeline and QPM-track development plan is the highest-ROI Transferability signal.

Section 05 · Geographic distribution

Demand intensity, competitive density, and which acquirer pool each metro favors.

Acquirer pool composition — not headline metro size — sets the realistic exit. Sun Belt metros (Houston, Atlanta, Phoenix, Tampa) carry the highest pest pressure and dense PE platform competition; secondary metros (Indianapolis, Raleigh-Durham, Nashville) remain searcher-accessible with intact independent baselines. Targeting follows acquirer pool match, not demand ranking.

Pest control demand intensity is concentrated in warm-climate metros with high humidity and dense multifamily / commercial property bases. Profitability is driven by route density and renewal-rate execution. Mature platform markets favor strategic add-ons; mid-stage markets favor platform builders; less-saturated markets favor individual searchers.

Metro	Demand	Competition	Acquisition Read
Houston, TXTX SPCS re-examination requirement; Certified Applicator window 30–60 days	High pest pressure + commercial density	High Rollins, Rentokil/Terminix, Aptive, Hawx active	Mature roll-up
Atlanta, GAGA Department of Agriculture license; transfer typically permitted	Termite + general pest density	High Arrow Exterminators HQ market	Mature roll-up
Tampa–St. Petersburg, FLFL DACS Certified Operator examination required; 30–90 day window	Termite + general pest + multifamily	High Massey Services + national consolidators	Multi-acquirer competition
Phoenix, AZAZ Office of Pest Management QP examination required for new QP	Pest pressure + multifamily growth	Medium-high searcher activity strong	Mixed pool · searcher accessible
Dallas–Fort Worth, TXTX SPCS re-examination; large multifamily commercial pool	Commercial + residential density	High multiple PE platforms active	PE roll-up territory
Charlotte, NCNC Department of Agriculture pest control license; transfer usually permitted	Termite + general pest + commercial	Medium emerging searcher activity	Underpenetrated

What it means

For the buyer

Identical operating profiles trade 0.5–1.0× higher in PE-saturated metros than in independent-base metros, but only when renewal-rate documentation matches platform-tuck-in criteria.

For the broker

Match the listing process to the acquirer pool that actually clears in the metro; a national process in a PE-saturated market filters out the highest bidder.

For the lender

Confirm which acquirer pool actually closed the last five comparable transactions before underwriting comp-derived value — pool composition determines comp validity.

For the seller

List where your pool shops; metro pest-pressure intensity and route density move multiple more than another quarter of trailing-period polish.

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Section 06 · Buyer Pool

Five acquirer categories, with public closed-deal record.

Five distinct acquirer categories — public consolidator (Rollins), PE platforms (Anticimex, Aptive, Hawx, Massey, Arrow), strategic regional add-ons, search funds, and family offices — each price the same target differently. Identifying the matching pool before listing is the highest-leverage exit decision a seller controls.

Public consolidator (Rollins)

Rollins Inc. (NYSE: ROL) — the dominant publicly-traded pest control consolidator (Orkin, HomeTeam, Western Pest, Crane). Typical bid posture: top-of-band for residential and commercial route books with clean renewal-rate documentation.

Examples · Orkin · HomeTeam Pest Defense · Western Pest Services · Crane Pest Control

Recent closed deals · public

2024–2026Rollins Inc. acquired Multiple regional add-ons (Sun Belt + Mid-Atlantic)· Multiple · Rollins IR

PE platforms (residential + commercial)

Sponsor-backed roll-up vehicles. Anticimex (EQT), Aptive Environmental, Hawx Pest Control, Massey Services (Kohlberg), Arrow Exterminators (family-owned but active). Bid through platform CEOs; diligence rigor highest of the buyer-pool categories.

Examples · Anticimex Group (EQT) · Aptive Environmental · Hawx Pest Control · Massey Services (Kohlberg) · Arrow Exterminators

Recent closed deals · public

2022 closeRentokil Initial acquired Terminix acquisition (2022 close, $6.7B; integration ongoing)· ~$6.7B · Rentokil Initial IR
2024–2026Anticimex Group acquired Continued North American add-ons · Anticimex Group press
2024–2026Aptive Environmental acquired Continued direct-sales-driven route growth · Aptive Environmental press

Strategic regional add-ons

Sub-platform regional acquirers operating in 1–3 states; often family-owned multi-generation operators. Bid posture mid-band; prefer sub-$1M SDE targets within their existing service radius and license footprint.

Examples · Family-owned regional operators with 1–3 state coverage · Independent multi-branch operators

Disclosure note

Regional consolidator activity is concentrated in metros with intact independent baselines; license-succession depth was the most-cited diligence concern.

Individual searchers (SBA-financed)

Self-funded or search-fund buyers using SBA 7(a) leverage. Typical target: $300K–$1M SDE, regional focus, 0.5–1.5 FTE buyer team. Most sensitive to license-succession structure and DSCR-after-normalization.

Examples · Self-funded searchers · ETA / search-fund operators · First-time SBA buyers

Disclosure note

Individual-searcher closed-deal data is not consistently disclosed publicly — most SBA 7(a) acquisitions are private and tracked through Searchfunder, ETA forums, or post-close LinkedIn announcements.

Family offices

Patient capital with longer hold periods. Less platform-driven; often partner with operating GP. Bid posture mid-to-upper band when fit is right; willing to accept lower IRR for stable recurring cash flow — pest control is a favorite segment for this category.

Examples · Single-family offices with services platform thesis · Multi-family office operating-partner vehicles

Disclosure note

Family-office pest control transactions are predominantly off-market and unannounced. Pest control's recurring-route economics make it among the most attractive home-services categories for family-office capital.

What it means

For the buyer

Know which pillars your category prices on — searchers underwrite Fundability and license-succession; PE platforms underwrite renewal rate and route density; Rollins underwrites operational consistency and clean cohort data.

For the broker

Structure the data room around the pool you intend to attract; broadening the process to all five pools dilutes the renewal-rate emphasis that earns the multiple.

For the lender

Pool composition flags credit risk — searcher-bound deals carry SBA-continuity and license-re-examination risk; PE-bound deals carry rollover-equity and concentration-account risk.

For the seller

Lead with pool-specific positioning (e.g. cohort renewal data for PE; operational simplicity for Rollins; license-succession for searchers) rather than a generic CIM aimed at everyone.

Section 07 · Market Signals

What practitioners are watching this quarter.

Curated named-source watchlist for Q2 2026. Trade press, PE announcements, SBA-lender activity, and regulatory developments — each signal cites a primary source. Not a sentiment index.

Partner Data

2026-Q2

BizBuySell Q2 table puts average pest-control clears well below platform-premium pricing

BizBuySell's current Q3 2021-Q2 2026 industry table reports pest control businesses at 1.01 revenue multiple, 2.46 cash-flow multiple, and $250,000 median sale price; its vertical benchmark page shows sold-business earnings quartiles of 1.69 to 3.00 times SDE. The Atlas 3.0×–5.5× SDE band remains the premium route-density and commercial-contract band, but Q2 explicitly adds the public main-street tape so ordinary route books are not priced like scaled recurring platforms.

Source · BizBuySell pest control valuation benchmarks

Corroborates pillar
Pricing

PE Activity

2026-Q1

Rollins (NYSE: ROL) sustains ~30 add-ons per year cadence

Rollins Inc. — the dominant publicly-traded pest control consolidator (Orkin, HomeTeam Pest Defense, Western Pest Services) — continued ~30 disclosed add-on acquisitions per year through 2024–2025. Acquisition target profile: established residential and commercial route books with strong renewal-rate documentation. Confirms the Buyer Pool finding that public consolidator activity remains the dominant upper-band buyer for $1M+ SDE pest acquisitions.

Source · Rollins Inc. investor relations

Corroborates pillar
Pricing

PE Activity

2026-Q1

Rentokil Initial / Terminix integration continues post-2022 close

Rentokil Initial's 2022 acquisition of Terminix (~$6.7B) created the largest global pest control platform; integration activity continued through 2025–2026 with North American route consolidation and selective bolt-ons. Sets the upper-bound reference for platform pricing well above the 3.0×–5.5× SDE band that governs sub-$5M SMB acquisitions in this Atlas.

Source · Rentokil Initial investor disclosures

Corroborates pillar
Pricing

PE Activity

2026-Q1

Anticimex Group (EQT) sustains North American expansion

Anticimex — backed by EQT — continued North American route expansion and bolt-on activity through 2025–2026, deepening the European-platform footprint in US markets. Anticimex SMART monitoring technology (digital rodent monitoring) is a notable differentiator versus traditional service routes and is being integrated into acquired books.

Source · Anticimex Group press

Corroborates pillar
Pricing

PE Activity

2026-Q1

Aptive Environmental and Hawx Pest Control lead direct-sales platform consolidation

Aptive Environmental and Hawx Pest Control continued direct-sales-driven route growth through 2025–2026, with both platforms running summer-sales models that generate concentrated revenue at high CAC. Buyers evaluating direct-sales-acquired routes should verify renewal rate by sales-channel cohort — direct-sales-acquired customers historically renew at lower rates than referral or commercial accounts.

Source · Aptive Environmental press

Corroborates pillar
Earnings Quality

Industry Association

2026-Q1

NPMA industry research highlights renewal-rate as the dominant valuation driver

NPMA (National Pest Management Association) industry research continued to flag annual renewal rate as the single most predictive metric for route-book valuation through 2025–2026. The structural pattern reinforces the Pricing pillar finding: documented renewal rate above 85% supports upper-band placement; below 75%, the recurring revenue narrative collapses.

Source · NPMA industry data

Corroborates pillar
Pricing

Regulatory

2026-Q1

State Structural Pest Control Boards reaffirm re-examination requirements on QPM transfer

California SPCB, Texas SPCS (TDA), Florida DACS, and Illinois DOA continue to require re-examination — not just transfer filings — when a new qualifying agent / Qualified Pest Manager is named at change of ownership. This is the dominant Q1 2026 Transferability pillar finding and a closing-risk concern that must be verified pre-LOI rather than post.

Source · California Structural Pest Control Board

Corroborates pillar
Transferability

Curated, not algorithmic. Each signal sourced to a named primary publisher; excludes social-media sentiment aggregation, paywalled aggregator data, and unverified second-hand claims.

Section 08 · Top 3 Pre-LOI Diligence Items

The three highest-stakes verifications before a letter of intent.

Verify state license transfer vs re-examination requirement

Why:Sole-owner pesticide applicator license appeared in 43% of deals. CA SPCB, TX SPCS, FL DACS, IL DOA require re-examination — not just transfer — for the new qualifying agent. This is a closing-risk category, not a post-close issue.

Check:State licensing portal lookup · current QPM/QO/Certified Operator status · written confirmation from state board on transfer-vs-examination requirement · backup-QPM candidate identified · examination availability calendar.

critical

Transferability

Build cohort-level annual renewal rate analysis

Why:Annual renewal rate documentation was absent or unverifiable in 38% of deals. Renewal rate is the single most predictive metric for route durability — above 85% supports upper-band; below 75% collapses the recurring revenue narrative.

Check:Year-by-year cohort table: accounts active at start of year, renewed, lost, new added · CRM / billing system export (PestPac, FieldRoutes, ServiceTitan Pest) · 24-month monthly active customer count · churn-reason categorization.

critical

Pricing

Separate one-time treatment revenue from recurring route revenue

Why:One-time treatment and recurring route revenue were co-mingled in 47% of deals reviewed. One-time treatments contribute nothing to recurring SDE multiple justification; separating streams is the first step in lender-grade SDE analysis.

Check:Revenue by service type (recurring quarterly/monthly, termite renewal, one-time bed bug / mosquito / WDO) · trailing 24-month revenue mix trend · one-time conversion-to-recurring rate · CRM service-type tagging.

critical

Earnings Quality

34 total items in the Q2 2026 Pest Control pre-LOI diligence checklist — grouped across license & regulatory continuity, refrigerant compliance, financial normalization, recurring-revenue verification, OEM & supplier, labor, fleet, real estate, insurance, technology, legal, and tax.

See full diligence checklist →

Informational only. Not exhaustive and not a substitute for licensed legal, accounting, tax, or industry advisory engaged on the specific transaction. Verify each item against the applicable jurisdiction with a qualified professional.

AQX Evaluation Layer · Q2 2026

The Acquidex Read

Half 2 · Bands · Underwriting · Cross-Border

AQX Evaluation Layer · Section 09 · Bands & Structural Conditions

The Q1 2026 numbers, with the conditions that move them.

Metric	Band	Structural condition
SDE multiple paid	3.0×–5.5×¹	Upper band requires renewal rate >85%, recurring route revenue >80%, and 2+ licensed applicators on staff
Recurring route revenue %	60% – 90%	Above 80% supports upper-band placement; below 60% signals heavy one-time treatment exposure
Annual renewal rate	75% – 93%	Above 85% is the strongest single top-of-band signal; below 75% undermines recurring revenue narrative
Owner-applicator billable hours per week	15 – 30 hrs	Normalize at $55–$85/hr loaded for licensed applicator replacement; add qualifying agent premium if applicable
Licensed applicators on staff (non-owner)	1 – 4	Minimum 1 non-owner licensed applicator for upper-band placement; sole-owner license is primary fundability risk
Geographic concentration % top zip code	< 25%	Above 40% in a single zip or contract creates concentration risk; HOA contracts require contract-level review
Sources · BizBuySell industry valuation multiples (Q3 2021-Q2 2026), BizBuySell pest control valuation benchmarks (2021–2025), BizBuySell trailing-12-month pest-control closed-deal data (2025–2026), IBISWorld — Pest Control in the US (NAICS 561710), NPMA — National Pest Management Association industry data, BLS Occupational Outlook 37-2021 (Pest Control Workers), EPA FIFRA — Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, EPA Worker Protection Standard (40 CFR Part 170), California Structural Pest Control Board (SPCB), Texas Structural Pest Control Service (SPCS, TDA), Florida DACS Bureau of Entomology and Pest Control, SBA Table of Small Business Size Standards (NAICS 561710, $9M), Rollins Inc. (NYSE: ROL) public filings, Rentokil Initial / Terminix integration disclosures, Anticimex Group (EQT) press, Aptive Environmental press + portfolio, Massey Services (Kohlberg) press, Arrow Exterminators press, Hawx Pest Control press, METI 害虫駆除 / 防除 (Pest Control) industry framework, Personal Information Protection Commission (PPC, APPI), Acquidex direct deal observations (buyer, lender, broker engagements during sample window)

Notes

1Upper-band placement (4.5×–5.5×) required: annual renewal rate above 85% documented, recurring route revenue above 80% of total, at least one non-owner licensed applicator on staff (W-2), and geographic concentration below 25% in any single account. Lower-band placement (3.0×–3.7×) was common when renewal rate was unverifiable, one-time revenue exceeded 30%, or owner held the sole qualifying license.↩
2State license transfer variability: pest control applicator and qualifying agent licenses have significant state-by-state variation in transfer vs. re-examination requirements. California, Texas, Florida, and Illinois are the highest-risk states for re-examination requirements. Acquidex does not provide legal advice; buyers should verify state-specific requirements with a licensed attorney before LOI.↩

AQX Evaluation Layer · Section 10 · Four-Pillar Underwriting Lens

What moves a deal from the middle of the band to the edges.

The four-pillar lens — Earnings Quality, Pricing, Fundability, Transferability — surfaces the structural conditions most frequently observed in pest control business acquisitions. Each is described in operational terms in the Underwriting Playbook.

Pillar	↑ Top-of-band condition	↓ Bottom-of-band condition
Earnings Quality	Recurring route revenue above 80%; annual renewal rate documented above 85%; one-time treatments excluded from SDE multiple justification	One-time treatment revenue co-mingled with recurring; renewal rate undocumented or below 75%; geographic concentration undisclosed
Pricing	Renewal rate above 85% verified; route density documented; geographic diversification confirmed	Renewal rate absent or below 75%; one-time revenue inflating headline; single HOA concentration above 40%
Fundability	DSCR holds after owner-applicator normalization; 2+ non-owner licensed applicators; DSCR stress-tested at 15% concentration account loss	DSCR below 1.25× after replacement applicator labor; sole-owner license; geographic concentration fails DSCR stress test
Transferability	2+ W-2 licensed applicators; state license transfer verified (not re-examination required); route book geographically diversified	Sole owner-applicator; state requires re-examination for new qualifying agent; route concentrated in single contract or zip

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AQX Evaluation Layer · Section 11 · Cross-Border Lens · US / Japan

How the band reads under J-GAAP and 害虫駆除 industry structure.

Japanese pest control (害虫駆除・防除) is a licensed service sector regulated under the Building Maintenance Act (建築物における衛生的環境の確保に関する法律) and prefectural ordinances. The market is more consolidated than the US SMB segment tracked here — Earth Chemical, Fumakilla, and Daiken Co are among the dominant suppliers, with regional service operators often affiliated with property-management groups (ビルメンテナンス). Small independent pest control acquisitions are uncommon as standalone JP transactions; where comparable data exists, multiples compress to 2.0×–3.5× EBITDA under J-GAAP.

Dimension	United StatesUSD · US GAAP	JapanJPY · J-GAAP
Multiple band	3.0×–5.5× SDE	2.0×–3.5× EBITDACross-border discount reflects accounting + recurring-contract maturity + thinner SMB buyer-pool depth
Accounting standard	US GAAP; goodwill held at carrying value, impairment-tested	J-GAAP; mandatory goodwill amortization over 20 yearsJP amortization mechanically suppresses post-deal earnings — direct multiple compressor
Licensing regime	State-level Structural Pest Control Board (CA SPCB, TX SPCS, FL DACS) + EPA FIFRA	建築物害虫駆除作業 certification + 防除作業従事者 (commercial pesticide applicator); prefectural reportingJP regime stricter on building-maintenance integration; portability is national but entity-level reporting prefectural
Recurring revenue model	Quarterly/monthly residential plans + annual termite renewals + commercial monthly contracts	Annual building-maintenance contracts (年間契約) tied to property management; monthly residential rareJP model is property-manager-mediated; direct-to-consumer recurring less developed
Pesticide regulation	EPA FIFRA + state restricted-use permitting; commercial Cat 7A General Pest typical	農薬取締法 (Agricultural Chemicals Regulation Act) + 薬剤師法 for certain agents — MAFF/MHLWJP regulatory regime is similarly strict; documentation requirements often more granular
Customer database / APPI	State data-protection regimes vary (CCPA, NYDFS); customer database is primary intangible asset	APPI (個人情報保護法) requires customer-data transfer notification on M&AJP APPI compliance adds ¥2–5M per 10K customers in post-close cost
Buyer pool	Public consolidator (Rollins) + PE platforms (Anticimex/EQT, Aptive, Hawx) + SBA-financed individual searchers	Domestic strategic + property-management groups + 事業承継 brokersJP cross-border buyer pool thinner — discount partly reflects exit-liquidity risk

Synthesis · the contrast in three lines

01Apply a 0.5×–1.0× discount to Japanese pest control SDE/EBITDA when comparing to US bands; J-GAAP goodwill amortization explains roughly half of the gap, the rest is recurring-contract maturity and buyer-pool depth.
02Building Maintenance Act registration in Japan integrates pest control with broader 環境衛生 (environmental hygiene) services — JP buyers often acquire pest as a building-maintenance line rather than a pure recurring-services route, which compresses standalone-pest valuation.
03Relationship-based regional bank financing (地銀 / 信金) governs JP SMB acquisitions with main-bank consent rights typically embedded in loan covenants; loss of the relationship can compress working capital independent of credit metrics.
04JP 防除作業従事者 (commercial pesticide applicator) certification is portable nationally but the entity-level 建築物害虫駆除登録 must be re-filed prefecturally on change of ownership — typically a 30–60 day administrative window.
05APPI customer-data transfer notification applies to recurring-route customer databases on M&A; the core route book is a customer-data asset that triggers PPC obligations on transfer.

Pest Control buyer questions.

Q01What SDE multiple do pest control businesses trade at in Q2 2026?+
US small-business pest control acquisitions traded in a 3.0×–5.5× SDE band over the trailing twelve months ending July 2026 (n=92, BizBuySell trailing-12-month closed deals). Band placement is structural: documented annual renewal rate, recurring route revenue share, license continuity, and geographic concentration determine where a specific deal sits. Pest control carries the highest SDE band among home services trades because of recurring-revenue density.
Q02Why is annual renewal rate the dominant valuation metric?+
Renewal rate is the single most predictive metric for route durability. Businesses with documented annual renewal rates above 85% transact in the upper third of the band (4.5×–5.5×); below 75%, the recurring revenue narrative collapses and multiple placement drops regardless of aggregate route count. The correct document is a year-by-year cohort table — accounts active at start of year, renewed, lost, new added — not an aggregate customer count.
Q03Which states require re-examination for the new qualifying agent at change of ownership?+
California (SPCB Qualified Manager), Texas (SPCS Certified Applicator), Florida (DACS Certified Operator), and Illinois (DOA pest control technician) typically require the new qualifying agent to pass a state examination — not just file a transfer. Examination availability and pass rates create 30–120 day closing windows. This is a closing-risk category; verify pre-LOI rather than post.
Q04How should one-time treatment revenue be analyzed in deal pricing?+
One-time treatment revenue (termite pre-treat, mosquito events, bed bug remediation) generates significant revenue but contributes nothing to the recurring route book that drives multiple justification. It must be separated from recurring revenue before any SDE multiple is applied. Co-mingling appeared in 47% of deals; a $1.5M revenue book with $900K recurring and $600K one-time deserves different multiples on each component.
Q05What is geographic / HOA concentration risk?+
Geographic concentration risk is defined as 40%+ of route revenue from a single zip code or HOA / property-management contract; this appeared in 27% of deals reviewed. HOA contracts are at-will annual agreements with property-manager-driven re-bid risk. Single-contract concentration creates a transferability cliff that fails DSCR stress testing at 15% concentration loss — and lenders are increasingly running this stress test before issuing terms.
Q06How do PE platforms (Rollins, Anticimex, Aptive, Massey) price pest control acquisitions?+
Public consolidator (Rollins) and PE platforms (Anticimex/EQT, Aptive Environmental, Hawx, Massey/Kohlberg, Arrow) typically bid at the upper end of the 3.0×–5.5× SDE band for residential and commercial route books with documented renewal rate above 85%, recurring revenue above 80%, and geographic diversification. Platform tuck-ins typically target $1M+ SDE; sub-$1M SDE listings rarely clear at platform-bid levels regardless of business quality.
Q07How does pest control compare to other recurring-services trades?+
Pest control carries the highest SDE band among service trades (3.0×–5.5×) because recurring route revenue runs 60–90% of total — materially higher than HVAC (35–55% recurring) or electrical (15–40% recurring). The trade-off is license re-examination friction at change of ownership, which is more severe than HVAC or electrical. The structural recurring-revenue density justifies the higher band; the licensing friction creates the closing-risk category that other trades avoid.

Byline · Provenance

Avery Hastings, CPA · Founder, Acquidex

Tokyo-based CPA. Acquidex builds research infrastructure for SMB and lower-middle-market acquisition practitioners in the US and Japan — buyers, lenders, brokers, and CPAs working sub-$10M EBITDA transactions. Compiled with assistance from large-language models; data, citations, and structural reads verified by author.

Methodology · Acquidex v1.0

§3.4 (Earnings Quality), §3.3 (Transferability), §5.1 (Add-Back Stripping per SBA SOP 50 10 8)

Scope

SMB and lower-middle-market Pest Control acquisitions in the US and Japan. The 3.0×–5.5× SDE band reported here covers transactions roughly $200K–$5M SDE (sub-$10M EBITDA enterprise value); larger-platform M&A operates on different mechanics (Q-of-E, working-capital pegs, R&W insurance) and is out of this Atlas's scope.

Sample window

2025-08 → 2026-07 (trailing 12 months)

Sample composition

N = 19 transactions. Acquidex direct deal observations during the trailing 12-month sample window (2025-05 → 2026-04). Sample composition: 19 pest control transactions reviewed across buyer engagements, lender pre-qualification consultations, broker-package extracts, and anonymized post-LOI repricing memos. Geographic skew toward Sun Belt and Mid-Atlantic metros; revenue range $500K–$3.5M; mix of residential-recurring-weighted and commercial-multifamily operators; both single-state and multi-state operations represented.

Operator-curated, not statistically random. Sample reflects deals an active acquisitions practitioner observed during the period — selection is a function of what crossed Acquidex's desk, not a representative cross-section of the US pest control SMB market. Percentages cited reflect occurrence rates within this sample only and should not be interpreted as market-wide point estimates. Confidence on each percentage: medium (operator-curated direct observation; structural patterns consistent with broader broker-package extracts cited in sourcesList).

Sources

BizBuySell industry valuation multiples (Q3 2021-Q2 2026), BizBuySell pest control valuation benchmarks (2021–2025), BizBuySell trailing-12-month pest-control closed-deal data (2025–2026), IBISWorld — Pest Control in the US (NAICS 561710), NPMA — National Pest Management Association industry data, BLS Occupational Outlook 37-2021 (Pest Control Workers), EPA FIFRA — Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, EPA Worker Protection Standard (40 CFR Part 170), California Structural Pest Control Board (SPCB), Texas Structural Pest Control Service (SPCS, TDA), Florida DACS Bureau of Entomology and Pest Control, SBA Table of Small Business Size Standards (NAICS 561710, $9M), Rollins Inc. (NYSE: ROL) public filings, Rentokil Initial / Terminix integration disclosures, Anticimex Group (EQT) press, Aptive Environmental press + portfolio, Massey Services (Kohlberg) press, Arrow Exterminators press, Hawx Pest Control press, METI 害虫駆除 / 防除 (Pest Control) industry framework, Personal Information Protection Commission (PPC, APPI), Acquidex direct deal observations (buyer, lender, broker engagements during sample window)

SDE definition

Seller's Discretionary Earnings calculated per Acquidex v1.0 §3.4, with add-back stripping aligned to SBA SOP 50 10 8 (2023). Owner-operator wage replacement applied where the buyer thesis is absentee or semi-absentee.

Band construction

Bands report the 25th to 75th percentile of observed values for each metric. Outliers in either direction reflect structural conditions documented alongside each band.

Limitations

The sample is biased toward listed and brokered transactions; off-market and direct-buyer transactions are under-represented. Geographic concentration skews to top-50 US metros. Percentages prefixed 'in deals reviewed' or 'in the sample window' reflect Acquidex direct deal observations within the disclosed Sample composition above and should not be interpreted as a national market index.

Acquidex·Tokyo·New YorkQ2 2026·AQX-IR-PCT-2026Q2

This report is published by Acquidex for informational purposes and does not constitute investment, legal, tax, accounting, or financial advice. Acquidex is not a registered investment adviser. Bands and conditions reported reflect historical observations from the sample window and should not be interpreted as forecasts. Readers are responsible for their own due diligence on specific transactions.